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Criticism of Holocaust denial is directed against people who claim that the genocide of Jews during World War II in the Holocaust〔Donald L Niewyk, ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust,'' Columbia University Press, 2000, p.45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." Estimates by scholars range from 5.1 million to 7.8 million. See appropriate section of the Holocaust article.〕 did not occur in the manner or to the extent described by reputable scholarship. Key elements of such claims are the rejection of any of the following: * That the Nazi government had a policy of deliberately targeting people of Jewish ancestry for extermination as a people; * That between five and seven million Jews〔 were systematically killed by the Nazis and their allies; * That genocide was carried out at extermination camps using tools of mass murder, such as gas chambers. 〔Key elements of Holocaust denial: *"Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term "Holocaust denial." Holocaust deniers, or "revisionists," as they call themselves, question all three major points of definition of the Nazi Holocaust. First, they contend that, while mass murders of Jews did occur (although they dispute both the intentionality of such murders as well as the supposed deservedness of these killings), there was no official Nazi policy to murder Jews. Second, and perhaps most prominently, they contend that there were no homicidal gas chambers, particularly at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where mainstream historians believe over 1 million Jews were murdered, primarily in gas chambers. And third, Holocaust deniers contend that the death toll of European Jews during World War II was well below 6 million. Deniers float numbers anywhere between 300,000 and 1.5 million, as a general rule." Mathis, Andrew E. (Holocaust Denial, a Definition ), The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006. *"In part III we directly address the three major foundations upon which Holocaust denial rests, including... the claim that gas chambers and crematoria were used not for mass extermination but rather for delousing clothing and disposing of people who died of disease and overwork; ... the claim that the six million figure is an exaggeration by an order of magnitude—that about six hundred thousand, not six million, died at the hands of the Nazis; ... the claim that there was no intention on the part of the Nazis to exterminate European Jewry and that the Holocaust was nothing more than the unfortunate by-product of the vicissitudes of war." Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman. ''Denying History: : Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?'', University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 3. *"Holocaust Denial: Claims that the mass extermination of the Jews by the Nazis never happened; that the number of Jewish losses has been greatly exaggerated; that the Holocaust was not systematic nor a result of an official policy; or simply that the Holocaust never took place." (What is Holocaust Denial ), Yad Vashem website, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006. *"Among the untruths routinely promoted are the claims that no gas chambers existed at Auschwitz, that only 600,000 Jews were killed rather than six million, and that Hitler had no murderous intentions toward Jews or other groups persecuted by his government." (Holocaust Denial ), Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 28, 2007.〕〔"The kinds of assertions made in Holocaust-denial material include the following: *Several hundred thousand rather than approximately six million Jews died during the war. *Scientific evidence proves that gas chambers could not have been used to kill large numbers of people. *The Nazi command had a policy of deporting Jews, not exterminating them. *Some deliberate killings of Jews did occur, but were carried out by the peoples of Eastern Europe rather than the Nazis. *Jews died in camps of various kinds, but did so as the result of hunger and disease. The Holocaust is a myth created by the Allies for propaganda purposes, and subsequently nurtured by the Jews for their own ends. *Errors and inconsistencies in survivors’ testimonies point to their essential unreliability. *Alleged documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs of concentration camp victims to Anne Frank’s diary, is fabricated. *The confessions of former Nazis to war crimes were extracted through torture." (The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? ), JPR report #3, 2000. Retrieved December 18, 2006.〕 The methodologies of Holocaust deniers are based on a predetermined conclusion that ignores extensive historical evidence to the contrary.〔 *"'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, "revisionism" denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. ("Why 'Revisionism' Isn't" ), The Holocaust History Project, May 15, 1999. Retrieved December 22, 2006. *Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), ''Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas'', Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.〕 ==Criticism of methods used by Holocaust deniers== A number of parties have challenged Holocaust denial claims as being based upon flawed research, biased statements, and deliberately falsified evidence.〔Pierre Vidal-Naquet, French "une tentative d'extermination sur le papier qui relaie l'extermination réelle" in ''Les assassins de la mémoire'', ''Un Eichmann de papier'', Postface de Gisèle Sapiro, Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée, La Découverte, Paris, 2005, ISBN 2-7071-4545-9.〕 Courts of law have also rejected Holocaust denial claims (see Fred A. Leuchter and David Irving) and passed several laws against holocaust denial in 14 European countries. The Nizkor Project, a group opposed to Holocaust denial claims, analyzes these claims for instances where the evidence used by Holocaust deniers has been altered or manufactured.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nizkor.org/features/qar/qar00.html )〕〔Robert L. Hilliard & Michael C. Keith. ''Waves of Rancor: tuning in the radical right'', M.E. Sharpe, 1999, ISBN 0-7656-0131-1, p. 250〕〔Daniel Wolfish & Gordon S. Smith. ''Who Is Afraid of the State?: Canada in a World of Multiple Centres of Power'', University of Toronto Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8020-8388-9, p. 108.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Criticism of Holocaust denial」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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